This can be achieved through the Regulated Asset Base RAB model, which recovers costs from consumers — by way of long-term tariffs — under regulation. In this way, the consumers cover the risks, making it possible for the private sector to invest. Over time, more customers are able to join the network until such time that the business becomes an attractive investment. At this point, government can then choose to sell this mature business to the private sector for a profit.
Finally, addressing the liability risk, specifically long-term storage liability, is the last piece of the puzzle to ensure sufficient de-risking of CCS to attract private investments.
If there are no limitations on liability, the storage operator will be liable for any leakage that occurs at any time in the future. Therein, it may be that the storage operator bears the risk of short-term liability during the operational period, as has been implemented by the Australian Government, which then goes on to accept the long-term risk.
Each government will choose the path that best suits its circumstances. De-risking will attract debt financing to projects, which can initially be blended with grant funding to reduce the cost of capital. With each successive project, costs are reduced through knowledge spillovers and economies of scale. Further, the perception of risks also decreases as investors can rely on more empirical evidence.
Over time, as the market develops and there is more experience from successfully implementing more and more CCS projects, costs will plateau. Risks will be well understood, reduce or disappear, and grant funding will no longer be needed to incentivise and support investments. The CCS market will attract significant debt funding at pricing comparable to other infrastructure projects, allowing deployment to reach the numbers required. Projects will eventually come to rely exclusively on equity and debt for funding, and acceptable returns will be achieved through diminished costs and the increased value of CO 2.
Only then will CCS truly advance and deployment of this vital technology accelerate at the rate required to deliver substantial emissions reductions. Procurement regulations oblige public sector bodies to tender seek bids from suppliers when they want to buy goods and services above a certain value.
Buying through CCS complies with procurement regulations but simplifies the process for buyers. Our commercial agreements have standardised contract terms and guidance for buyers. Our service is free to use for public sector and third sector organisations, for example, local authorities, charities and housing associations. We have commercial expertise, deep knowledge of product and service categories, and national buying power.
Everyday purchases, such as office supplies, are available from CCS catalogues and can be bought online for rapid delivery. Catalogues currently include technology products, office supplies and multi-function devices for printing, copying and scanning.
CCS publishes commercial agreements for more complex requirements. For example, for buying a fleet of vehicles or for legal advice. We call these frameworks. A framework comprises a description of common public sector requirements, a list of suppliers who have been evaluated as capable of delivering the requirements, and standardised contract terms.
Infants above one year must meet criteria described in a 1 ; or. CCS applicants with at least one of the following eye conditions shall be medically eligible for participation in the CCS program:. A A family history of congenital or childhood onset of hearing impairment. B Congenital infection known or suspected to be associated with hearing loss. C Craniofacial anomalies. D Hyperbilirubinemia at a level exceeding the indication for an exchange transfusion.
E Ototoxic medications used for more than five days. F Bacterial meningitis. G Severe depression at birth, defined as:. Apgar score of three or less;.
Failure to initiate spontaneous respirations by ten minutes of age; or. Hypotonia persisting to two hours of age.
H Prolonged mechanical ventilation for a duration of at least five days. I Findings of a syndrome known to be associated with hearing loss.
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